Except that io_uring is threads running in kernel.
There is no true async I/O on most (if not all) current platforms - it's all threads, either in user space or in kernel space. Sometimes even deliberately, for example polling disk will give better latency compared to waiting for IRQ.
AFAIK Windows handles truly asynchronous buffered IO in some circumstances, but I feel once you're past the point of managing the abstraction or caring about its internal details, it doesn't really matter if there is a tiny chunk of dedicated stack in the kernel, that's a problem for the OS
IOCP uses a pool of quasi-kernel threads (i.e. schedulable entity with a contiguous stack for storing state) with polling, very much like how io_uring and other incarnations of AIO in the Linux kernel work; and for that matter it's not unlike how purely user space AIO implementations work. The benefit of IOCP and io_uring is there's one less buffer copying operation. The biggest benefit of IOCP, really, is that it's a blackbox that you can depend on, and one that everybody is expected to depend upon. So it can be whatever you want it to be ;)
Is there any further documentation for it? I would have expected there doesn't need to be a real stack. Only state-machines for all the IO entities (like sockets) which get advanced whenever an outside event (e.g. interrupt) happens and which then signal the IO completion towards userspace. Didn't expect that it's necessary to keep stacks around.
Yes, IOCP looks like true async I/O most of the time. While in reality it will block if file is cached, in cases if code tries to read something like 100+ MB at a time ReadFile calls can take 200ms+. So most "async I/O" frameworks have to wrap IOCP into a user space thread ...
If by aio you mean Posix aio - on Linux it's implemented with user space threads and blocking I/O. Posix aio on BSD systems is implemented as kernel space thread (aio_write/etc are syscalls on BSD, and glibc functions on Linux).
If you mean io_submit, then yes, but in vast majority of cases, actual `io_submit` syscall will block, because of metadata updates, unaligned reads, etc ...
